When talking about graphene, we should first state the natural mineral graphite that is commonly present in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are very closely connected, however the combination of carbon atoms between various layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will certainly glide apart.
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From the point of view of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to three other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a routine hexagonal ring on the same plane, extending to create a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to remove a single layer framework.
More than two decades earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there need to be a way to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
Just how can a single layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a really “basic and crude” method – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we compose a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists strongly associate that if tape can stay with the surface of paper, can it likewise stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into 2. Although the thickness of graphite currently is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have actually validated the expediency of this method – each time the tape is used, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical exfoliation method” to repeat the operation, they lastly got a slim sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this method of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to acquire graphene has reduced manufacturing efficiency and can only be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the improvement of clinical and technological levels, the prep work approach of graphene has also made excellent development. Presently, along with this standard physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are also several techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent peeling technique, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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